1. Product Structure and Interfacial Engineering
1.1 Core-Shell Structure and Bonding System
(Copper-Coated Steel Fibers)
Copper-coated steel fibers (CCSF) are composite filaments including a high-strength steel core wrapped up by a conductive copper layer, creating a metallurgically bonded core-shell design.
The steel core, usually low-carbon or stainless steel, supplies mechanical effectiveness with tensile toughness exceeding 2000 MPa, while the copper layer– usually 2– 10% of the overall diameter– imparts outstanding electrical and thermal conductivity.
The interface between steel and copper is important for performance; it is engineered via electroplating, electroless deposition, or cladding processes to ensure solid bond and very little interdiffusion under functional stresses.
Electroplating is the most typical approach, using accurate thickness control and uniform coverage on continuous steel filaments attracted through copper sulfate baths.
Proper surface area pretreatment of the steel, including cleaning, pickling, and activation, makes certain ideal nucleation and bonding of copper crystals, avoiding delamination throughout subsequent processing or service.
Gradually and at raised temperatures, interdiffusion can form breakable iron-copper intermetallic stages at the user interface, which may jeopardize adaptability and long-term reliability– a difficulty reduced by diffusion obstacles or rapid handling.
1.2 Physical and Practical Residence
CCSFs integrate the best attributes of both constituent steels: the high flexible modulus and fatigue resistance of steel with the premium conductivity and oxidation resistance of copper.
Electrical conductivity generally varies from 15% to 40% of International Annealed Copper Criterion (IACS), depending upon coating density and purity, making CCSF dramatically much more conductive than pure steel fibers (
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