1. Material Make-up and Interfacial Engineering
1.1 Core-Shell Framework and Bonding System
(Copper-Coated Steel Fibers)
Copper-coated steel fibers (CCSF) are composite filaments containing a high-strength steel core wrapped up by a conductive copper layer, developing a metallurgically adhered core-shell architecture.
The steel core, typically low-carbon or stainless steel, provides mechanical robustness with tensile strengths exceeding 2000 MPa, while the copper coating– typically 2– 10% of the total size– imparts excellent electric and thermal conductivity.
The interface between steel and copper is essential for efficiency; it is engineered with electroplating, electroless deposition, or cladding processes to make sure strong adhesion and very little interdiffusion under operational stresses.
Electroplating is one of the most usual technique, supplying accurate thickness control and consistent protection on constant steel filaments attracted through copper sulfate baths.
Proper surface area pretreatment of the steel, including cleansing, pickling, and activation, makes sure ideal nucleation and bonding of copper crystals, protecting against delamination throughout succeeding handling or solution.
Over time and at elevated temperature levels, interdiffusion can create breakable iron-copper intermetallic phases at the user interface, which may jeopardize adaptability and long-term reliability– a difficulty minimized by diffusion barriers or quick processing.
1.2 Physical and Functional Feature
CCSFs integrate the best attributes of both basic steels: the high flexible modulus and exhaustion resistance of steel with the remarkable conductivity and oxidation resistance of copper.
Electric conductivity generally ranges from 15% to 40% of International Annealed Copper Criterion (IACS), relying on layer density and pureness, making CCSF considerably more conductive than pure steel fibers (
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